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Many decisions in design are based on engineering judgement, but not only on the understanding of theory or any computational tools. Even experience in extensive design in academic context can provide only limited perspective in engineering decision making. Most lessons in engineering decision making come from the cases of histories of failures of structures, which itself are the results of a bad judgement, thus making us understand the pitfalls in conceptual design. From these experiences from past, the common causes of structural failures are understood.
The collapse occurred during a Friday night "tea dance" in the lobby. Local police chief Norman A. Caron said it was "the worst disaster" in his 25 years as a police officer. As the tallest building in Boston, the John Hancock Tower now simply known as Clarendon Street was mired in controversy even before it was built. Initial plans showed that it would cast a shadow over Trinity Church, leading to public outcry and a quick redesign of the building.
Despite this effort, the building continued to trouble the public. During construction, the blue reflective glass used for the building started to fall off from various heights , forcing police to close off the area around the building. Subsequent research in wind tunnels identified additional integrity issues, such as twisting in high-power winds.
The real issue, though, was that the building expanded and contracted wildly due to differences in temperature inside and outside of the building. The reflective material caused the glass to be stiffer than expected, and instead of absorbing motion, it transferred it and simply shook out of place. All 10, window panes were replaced by single-paned, heat-treated panels, helping inflate the cost of the project. During the time it took to identify and fix the problem, sheets of plywood replaced many of the missing panes, earning the nickname "Plywood Palace.
As the new home of the Kansas City Kings, the arena was hailed as an innovative design that featured a seamless design. Only a few years later, the roof of the arena collapsed during a heavy rainstorm due to a case of prizing form over function.
Ironically, architects from the AIA visited the building during its convention , only a day before the roof finally gave way. The roof was flat, which raised some concerns as to how it would handle weather.
As such, the design included a temporary reservoir to reduce stormwater runoff, but it only had eight drains, despite local code requiring at least eight times as many. As a result, the reservoir could only contain 2 inches of rain before overflowing. On the night the roof collapsed, a storm dumped more than double that much rain.
The collapse was so violent that pressure from the falling roof blew out some of the walls. A common issue in design and construction results from the way light can reflect and even amplify off glass and metal. Constructed between and , the building earned the nickname "Walkie Talkie Centre" due to its appearance.
The concave shape of building meant that when sunlight shone directly on it, it acted as a mirror and focused the light onto the street below.
Temperatures reached over degrees Fahrenheit, famously melting a man's Jaguar , and getting so hot that journalists were able to fry an egg on the sidewalk. The building eventually had to install screens at certain points to prevent the reflection of direct sunlight. Additionally, the building caused increased wind activity at the street level. The winds were so strong they were blamed for blowing over street signs, trolleys, and pedestrians.
Ancient Rome was famous for its bloody gladiator fights — but one of the most horrific disasters in history had nothing to do with the combatants on the ground. One notable venue for gladiator games was an amphitheater erected in Fidenae at the bidding of an entrepreneur named Atilius. Despite his wealth, he aimed for a quick construction over a sturdy one — according to some sources, he urged the builders to use cheap materials mainly wood to build the stadium, and it was erected on unstable foundations.
Most of the information about the disaster comes from ancient texts , such as ones by Tacitus and by Tiberius , but they tell a singular story: When 50, people flocked to Atilius' stadium to watch a gladiator fight, 20, of the audience members fell to their death as the seating collapsed.
Many of the remaining patrons were severely injured. Following the incident, the senate banned anyone from building a stadium unless their wealth exceeded , sesterces, and the stadium had to pass a safety inspection. In what is Israel's deadliest civilian disaster, the floor of the Versailles wedding hall in Jerusalem collapsed during the wedding of Keren and Asaf Dror in , dropping 23 attendees to their deaths and injuring hundreds more.
The event was captured on camera and broadcast internationally, spreading images of the horrific scene around the globe. Initially, people suspected terrorism, as noted by police at the scene , but an investigation quickly dispelled that concern.
Witnesses described the floor sagging before the collapse. According to Haaretz News, the main issue was the Pal-Kal building method , a cheap method of constructing light-weight concrete that was banned shortly after the incident. Additionally, the building was originally designed in two halves, with one side only two stories and the other side three stories.
Half of the third floor, then was only meant to be a roof and lacked structural strength. Partitions in the lower floors helped handle the difference in load-bearing, but the owners decided to remove the partitions shortly before the wedding.
The floor sagged immediately, although the owners deemed it a cosmetic issue rather than a structural one. Following the disaster, the creator of the Pal-Kal method, Eli Ron, was arrested and convicted of 23 negligent deaths as well as negligent assault on the remaining victims.
The Beauvais Cathedral claims to be the tallest cathedral in the world , but that fame came at a strange price. To achieve the height, the builders and planners had to push their resources to the limit, and the building suffered as a result — in fact, the cathedral is technically unfinished, even if it is functional. The current cathedral is merely part of the original plan. Proper procedures have been created for almost every construction operation, and only implementation is required. A superior quality paint that is applied to an unclean surface is likely to fail, not because the material was substandard, but because it was used with a poor quality of work.
Many building foundations are not properly designed and constructed for the existing site soil conditions. Since suitable land is often not. Furthermore, the near surface soils may consist of expansive clays that shrink or enlarge as the moisture content is changed.
Movement of foundation may occur if the clay moistening and drying is not uniform. Vegetation, inadequate drainage, plumbing leakage, and evaporation, may cause soil variation. The top soil layers provide the bearing capacity to hold the structure, and ensure stability of the foundation. If the bearing soil is inadequately compacted preceding construction, the foundation may be affected by settlement.
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