All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.
A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development.
Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.
The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
In regard to these essential rectifications of wrong and assertions of right we feel ourselves to be intimate partners of all the governments and peoples associated together against the Imperialists. We cannot be separated in interest or divided in purpose. We stand together until the end.
For such arrangements and covenants we are willing to fight and to continue to fight until they are achieved; but only because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just and stable peace such as can be secured only by removing the chief provocations to war, which this program does remove.
We have no jealousy of German greatness, and there is nothing in this program that impairs it. We grudge her no achievement or distinction of learning or of pacific enterprise such as have made her record very bright and very enviable. We do not wish to injure her or to block in any way her legitimate influence or power. We do not wish to fight her either with arms or with hostile arrangements of trade if she is willing to associate herself with us and the other peace-loving nations of the world in covenants of justice and law and fair dealing.
We wish her only to accept a place of equality among the peoples of the world,the new world in which we now live,instead of a place of mastery. Neither do we presume to suggest to her any alteration or modification of her institutions.
But it is necessary, we must frankly say, and necessary as a preliminary to any intelligent dealings with her on our part, that we should know whom her spokesmen speak for when they speak to us, whether for the Reichstag majority or for the military party and the men whose creed is imperial domination. We have spoken now, surely, in terms too concrete to admit of any further doubt or question. An evident principle runs through the whole program I have outlined.
It is the principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities, and their right to live on equal terms of liberty and safety with one another, whether they be strong or weak. Unless this principle be made its foundation no part of the structure of international justice can stand. The people of the United States could act upon no other principle; and to the vindication of this principle they are ready to devote their lives, their honor, and everything that they possess.
The moral climax of this the culminating and final war for human liberty has come, and they are ready to put their own strength, their own highest purpose, their own integrity and devotion to the test. The information provided on this site is not legal advice, does not constitute a lawyer referral service, and no attorney-client or confidential relationship is or will be formed by use of the site. The attorney listings on this site are paid attorney advertising. In some states, the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service.
Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace 3. Equal trade conditions 4.
Decrease armaments among all nations 5. Adjust colonial claims 6. Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence 7. On January 8, , President George W. On January 8, , African American men gain the right to vote in the District of Columbia despite the veto of its most powerful resident, President Andrew Johnson.
The Republican-controlled senate overrode Johnson by a vote of three years before a constitutional amendment It was the only time in U. It was the third time that the law caught up to El Chapo, a figure whose crimes, influence and mystique rival those of Pablo Escobar. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. One of the most widely ridiculed and memorable gaffes in the history of the United States Presidency occurred in Japan on the evening of January 8, , when President George H.
Bush vomits on the Prime Minister of Japan. Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa was hosting a dinner for Harvey Milk, the first openly gay elected official in the history of California, takes his place on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors on January 8, The first and, for years, most visible openly gay politician in America, Milk was a longtime activist and pioneering Just two weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, U.
In September , an impressive American naval victory on Lake Champlain forced invading British forces On January 8, , Gabrielle Giffords, a U. Six people died in the attack and another 13, including The league was further weakened when major powers, such as Japan and Italy, left in the s. The second important weakness grew from the contradiction between the idea of collective security that formed the basis of the league and international relations between individual states.
Finally, the League of Nations lacked any type of armed forces of its own and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, which they were unwilling to do. Its two most important members, Britain and France, were reluctant to use sanctions and even more reluctant to resort to military action on behalf of the league as pacifism had become a strong force among the people and the leaders of the two countries in the aftermath of World War I.
The two-thirds majority needed to pass the treaty was not obtained. Senate after the election of , but its members were divided into multiple positions on the Treaty of Versailles and, subsequently, the League of Nations. Among the American public, Irish Catholics and German Americans were intensely opposed to the treaty, claiming it favored the British. One bloc of Democrats strongly supported the Treaty of Versailles, even with reservations added by Lodge.
The largest bloc, led by Lodge, wanted a treaty with reservations, especially on Article X, which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the U. The Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of to refute them.
However, Wilson collapsed midway through the tour with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership abilities. It was not until July 21, , that Harding signed into law the Knox-Porter Resolution drafted by Congress, which formally ended hostilities between the United States and the Central powers.
The United States was the only major power to emerge from World War I in a position of relative economic strength, putting America in the best position to intervene in international disagreements with potential for war. Therefore, the U. The irony of the large, wealthy nation whose president first proposed the league failing to join its ranks was not lost on other countries and was a major reason the league did not become the great diplomatic clearing house Wilson envisioned.
The league cannot be labeled a failure, however, as it laid the groundwork for the United Nations, which replaced the League of Nations after World War II and inherited a number of agencies and organizations founded by the league. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content.
World War I: — Search for:. Diplomacy and Negotiations at the End of the War. Following its surrender, the Austro-Hungarian Empire failed to unite its people and split into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
When Germany surrendered, U. President Woodrow Wilson demanded that Germany accede to the terms of the Fourteen Points, which required the return of conquered territory to Russia and France. Germany saw the terms as harsh, while the Allies found them too lenient. Fourteen Points : A speech given by U. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and to lay out a vision for global postwar peace.
Key Takeaways Key Points The Fourteen Points speech delivered by Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress was meant to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for the moral cause of postwar peace in Europe.
Believing that the Fourteen Points would offer fair terms for peace, the German Imperial Chancellor Maximilian of Baden requested an armistice in October The fighting came to an end on November 11, The Fourteen Points were the basis of negotiation between the defeated Central powers and the victorious Allies at the Paris Peace Conference of Allied leaders were skeptical of Wilsonian idealism, and Britain refused to agree to some of the conditions, such as allowing free navigation of the seas, and insisted Germany should pay reparations.
The final peace settlement of the war, the Treaty of Versailles, required Germany to pay huge sums for war reparations. Signed on June 28, , exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the treaty ended the state of war between Germany and its coalition and the Allied powers led by France, Britain, and the United States. Georges Clemenceau : — A French journalist, physician, and statesman who served as the prime minister of France from to and again from to Paris Peace Conference : A meeting of the Allied victors and the defeated Central powers to set the terms of the armistice ending World War I and to establish a postwar peace plan based on U.
The peace conference resulted in the Treaty of Versailles, which contained a punitive war-guilt clause declaring Germany guilty of initiating the war, requiring the German government to pay the cost of the war to the victors, and severely crippling the German military. The treaty also disbanded the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Woodrow Wilson wanted to deliver on the promise of the Fourteen Points and actively intervened in the Paris Peace talks, leading U.
France and Britain refused to accept some of the Fourteen Points, although they agreed to the creation of a League of Nations.
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